Citation: Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 2009 4(9):616-617; doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpp118
Falco Privatstiftung and Thomas Rabitsch v Gisela Weller-Lindhorst, Case C-533/07, Court of Justice of the European Communities, 23 April 2009
The European Court of Justice (‘ECJ’) has ruled that an IP licence does not constitute a contract for ‘the provision of services’ under Article 5(1)(b) of the Brussels Regulation. One of the other grounds of jurisdiction (most likely defendant's domicile) must be applied instead.
Legal context
Council Regulation 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (the ‘Brussels Regulation’) harmonizes the rules on jurisdiction among the courts of the EU. Article 2 sets out the basic rule that a person domiciled in a Member State should be sued in the courts of that Member State. This basic rule is supplemented by the rules on special jurisdiction set out in Article 5 which provide various additional grounds for jurisdiction in the courts of other Member States, for example the court of the place where a tort is committed (Article 5(3)) or the court of the place where a trust is domiciled (Article 5(6)).
Article 5(1) states that a person may be sued
(a) in matters relating to a contract, in the courts for the place of performance of the obligation in question;
(b) for the purpose of this provision and unless otherwise agreed, the place of performance of the obligation in question shall be:
– in the case of the sale of goods, the Member State where, under the contract, the goods were delivered or should have been delivered;
– in the case of the provision of services, the Member State where, under the contract, the services were provided or should have been provided
(c) if subparagraph (b) does not apply then subparagraph (a) applied.
The text of Article 5(1) of the Brussels Regulation expands on and supersedes Article 5(1) of the earlier Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (the ‘Brussels Convention’). The Brussels Convention simply contained the wording in Article 5(1)(a) of the Brussels Regulation and did not include the extra detail in 5(1)(b).
Facts
The case concerned the exploitation of rights in the music of Johann (Hans) Hölzel, better known by his stage-name ‘Falco’. Falco was an Austrian rap, pop, and rock musician who had sprung to international fame through his 1986 hit single ‘Rock me Amadeus’. Falco died in a road traffic accident in 1998 at the age of 40. The claimants were both domiciled in Austria: Thomas Rabitsch, a former band member, and Falco Privatstiftung, a foundation established to manage the copyright in Falco's works. The defendant domiciled in Germany was Gisela Weller-Lindhorst, a media seller. The parties entered into a licence agreement under which the defendant was licensed to distribute in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland a video recording of a Falco concert. The defendant did this but also engaged in the allegedly unlicensed distribution of audio recordings of Falco's music in these territories.
The claimants brought proceedings against the defendant for the non-payment of royalties in relation to the video recordings, and a copyright infringement claim in relation to the audio recordings.
The courts' findings on jurisdiction and the key question referred to the ECJ are summarized in the table below.
Facts
The case concerned the exploitation of rights in the music of Johann (Hans) Hölzel, better known by his stage-name ‘Falco’. Falco was an Austrian rap, pop, and rock musician who had sprung to international fame through his 1986 hit single ‘Rock me Amadeus’. Falco died in a road traffic accident in 1998 at the age of 40. The claimants were both domiciled in Austria: Thomas Rabitsch, a former band member, and Falco Privatstiftung, a foundation established to manage the copyright in Falco's works. The defendant domiciled in Germany was Gisela Weller-Lindhorst, a media seller. The parties entered into a licence agreement under which the defendant was licensed to distribute in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland a video recording of a Falco concert. The defendant did this but also engaged in the allegedly unlicensed distribution of audio recordings of Falco's music in these territories.
The claimants brought proceedings against the defendant for the non-payment of royalties in relation to the video recordings, and a copyright infringement claim in relation to the audio recordings.
The courts' findings on jurisdiction and the key question referred to the ECJ are summarized in the table below.
| |||||||||||||||
Analysis
The ECJ held that as the Brussels Regulation itself does not define the concept of a contract for ‘the provision of services’, it must be interpreted in light of the origins and objectives of the Regulation; namely to establish highly predictable rules of jurisdiction and achieve legal certainty.
On a common sense approach, the concept of ‘services’ implies that the ‘provider’ at least carries out a particular activity in return for remuneration. The ECJ took the view that the owner of an IP right does not perform any particular activity in granting a licence to a third party to use that right, but merely undertakes not to challenge the use of that right by that third party.
The ECJ backed up its reasoning by pointing out that the main jurisdictional rule under the Brussels Regulation is that a party should be sued in the country of its domicile (Article 2). Since the rules on special jurisdiction set out in Article 5 should be narrowly interpreted, Article 5(1)(b) should be confined to the special cases of true contracts for the sale of goods or the provision of services and not to other activities that only arguably fall under such headings. As stated explicitly in Article 5(1)(c), if Article 5(1)(b) does not apply then the general rule in Article 5(1)(a) (that the court of the place where the main obligation is to be performed has jurisdiction) would apply. The Higher Regional Court had earlier ruled that this would result in German, not Austrian jurisdiction (since the main obligation, the payment of the debt, was to take place in Germany).
In response to a further question referred by the Austrian Supreme Court, the ECJ added that, in determining questions of jurisdiction, the courts must continue to have regard to the principles established in the case law of the ECJ on Article 5(1) of the Brussels Convention (notwithstanding that having been superseded by the Brussels Regulation). As the Advocate General pointed out, the additions to Article 5(1) made in the Brussels Regulation should be seen as merely taking into the account the interpretation through case law provided by the Court to the same provision of the Brussels Convention.
Practical significance
It is trite but true that contractual parties who wish to be certain about court will take jurisdiction over contractual disputes need to deal with the point explicitly in the contract by way of an exclusive jurisdiction clause. This judgment does not change that. Nor does the judgment explain how the courts should deal with a situation where a contract contains both an IP licence and also an obligation to provide goods or services. Take the example of a distribution agreement under which the principal both provides goods to the distributor and also grants a trade mark licence enabling the distributor to market those goods under the appropriate brands. Would the court of the distributor's domicile be required to take jurisdiction over a dispute involving the supply of goods under Article 5(1)(b) but not over the brand licence? It might depend on how the payment obligations are structured—an interesting point perhaps for the academically inquisitive or those that are attracted to litigation spanning several years. Everyone else should stick to exclusive jurisdiction clauses.
Correspondence: Email: paul.joseph@freshfields.com
