7th GRUR Int. / JIPLP Joint Seminar: visions and perspectives on the regulation of online platforms and intermediaries

Following a tradition started in 2013, we are happy to announce that GRUR Int. and JIPLP have organised their 7th Joint Seminar, which will take place in Berlin (Jacob-und-Wilhelm-Grimm-Zentrum Humboldt University of Berlin, Geschwister-Scholl-Str. 1/3, D-10117 - more info and map here) on Monday, 14 November 2016, at 1pm (the long seminar will end at 7pm, followed by a reception). A panel of very distinguished speakers from Germany, the UK and the Netherlands, including JIPLP's co-editor Eleonora Rosati, will provide views and comments on "(Non-)Regulation of online platforms and internet intermediaries: state of play, visions, and next steps in Germany, UK, the Netherlands". Maria Martin-Prat (DG CONNECT) will also present the views of the European Commission on these themes.

You can read the impressive program of the joint seminar, as well as further useful information, here (a neat leaflet is also available). The seminar will be held in English and attendance is free of charge. You can register online here (clicking on the "Participants" tab) - please note that there are only 140 seats available, so early registration is recommended. We hope to see you in Berlin, for what promises to be an exciting and topical seminar!

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7th GRUR Int. / JIPLP Joint Seminar

(Non-)Regulation of online platforms and internet intermediaries: 

state of play, visions, and next steps in Germany, UK, the Netherlands and at EU level

Berlin, 14 November 2016, 1pm to 8pm

On 14 September 2016, the European Commission eventually presented its long-awaited legislative proposals - two directives and two regulations - aimed at reforming the EU copyright system and adapting it to the realities of the Digital Single Market. Remarkably, the reform package comprises a set of proposals regarding the liability of internet intermediaries and platform operators with the objective "to increase cultural diversity in Europe an content available online, while bringing clearer rules for all online players". Thereby, the EU has set the scene for a lively autumn debate on the much-discussed issue of "sharing of value" - and way beyond!

Against the background of these ongoing reform activities at national and EU level, distinguished experts in copyright law from Germany, UK and the Netherlands will examine the recent copyright case law and the new legislative proposals regarding the modernisation of the legal framework of the EU Copyright System with regard to internet intermediaries. They will discuss the current state of play as well as the challenges and options involved, and present their ideas on possible solution models for the future.

Confirmed speakers

• Dr Martin Husovec, Tilburg University (NL)
• Prof. Dr Matthias Leistner, LL.M. (Cambridge), University of Bonn (DE)
• Maria Martin-Prat, DG CONNECT, European Commission (Brussels)
• Prof. Dr Eva Obergfell, Humboldt University of Berlin (DE)
• Prof. Dr Ansgar Ohly, Ludwig Maximiliams University of Munich (DE)
• Prof. Dr Karl-Nikolaus Peifer, University of Cologne (DE) - Chair of the Joint Seminar
• Dr Eleonora Rosati, University of Southampton (UK)

Programme

13.00 – 13.45 Joint lunch and registration 

13.45 – 14.00 Welcoming remarks 
Dr Anke Nordemann-Schiffel, Maître en droit (Paris), Chair of the GRUR Regional Group Berlin; Partner, Boehmert & Boehmert
Dr Gert Würtenberger, GRUR President; Partner, Kanzlei Würtenberger Kunze
Prof. Dr Karl-Nikolaus Peifer, Co-Chair of the GRUR Special Committee on Copyright and Publishing Law; Chair for Civil Law, Copyright Law, Industrial Property Law, New Media and Commercial Law, University of Cologne

14.00 – 14.30 The facts: Context and overview on state of play 
Prof. Dr Inès Obergfell, Chair for Civil Law, Industrial Property and Copyright Law, Private International Law and Comparative Law; Vice Dean for Legal Research at the Faculty of Law, Humboldt University of Berlin

14.30 – 16.15 Visions and next steps: Action? What action? How to shape a good system fit for the future 

14.30 – 15.00 Statement by the EU 
Maria Martin-Prat, Head of Unit I.2 - Copyright, Directorate I - Media Policy, DG CONNECT, European Commission, Brussels

15.00 – 16.00 Ideas from Germany 
Prof. Dr Matthias Leistner, LL.M. (Cambridge), Chair for Civil Law, Intellectual Property Law and Competition Law, University of Bonn
Prof. Dr Ansgar Ohly, Chair for Civil Law, Intellectual Property Law and Competition Law, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich

16.00 – 16.30 Coffee break 

16.30 – 17.30 Ideas from the UK and the Netherlands 
Dr Eleonora Rosati, Editor, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice; Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law, University of Southampton; Blogger, IPKat
Dr Martin Husovec, Assistant Professor, Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology and Society (TILT) and Tilburg Law and Economics Center (TILEC); Affiliated Scholar at Stanford Law School’s Center for Internet and Society (CIS)

17.30 – 18.30 Panel discussion / Q&A 
Dr Martin Husovec
Prof. Dr Matthias Leistner
Maria Martin-Prat
Prof. Dr Eva Obergfell
Prof. Dr Ansgar Ohly
Dr Eleonora Rosati
Chair: Prof. Dr Karl-Nikolaus Peifer

18.30 – 18.35 Closing remarks 
Dr Gert Würtenberger

18.35 – 20.00 Reception
Following the working programme, all speakers and attendees of the seminar are kindly invited to join a reception offered by GRUR.

Current Intelligence - Introducing new alleged infringements after the trial on liability in patent cases

In this Current Intelligence note, published in our latest issue, Brian Whitehead and Richard Kempner (Kempner & Partners LLP) analyse the recent decision of the High Court in AP Racing Limited v Alcon Components Limited. Mr. Justice Carr confirmed that the Patent Court's practice of allowing the introduction of further alleged infringements at the damages inquiry stage applies also to patent infringement actions pending before the IPEC. Alternatively, the claimant can commence new proceedings to deal with the further alleged infringements. Neither course of action will normally constitute an abuse of process. The authors also provide a very useful analysis of the practical and strategical significance of this decision for both claimants and defendants.

Introducing new alleged infringements after the trial on liability in patent cases  

Brian Whitehead and Richard Kempner*

Kempner & Partners LLP

Emails: whitehead@kempnerandpartners.com and kempner@kempnerandpartners.com 

AP Racing Limited v Alcon Components Limited, [2016] EWHC 815 (Ch), High Court of England and Wales, 4 March 2016 

The High Court has confirmed that the Patents Court’s practice of allowing a claimant to introduce further alleged infringements at the damages inquiry is equally applicable to patent infringement actions in the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court. Alternatively, it is not an abuse of process to commence additional proceedings in relation to alleged infringements of which the claimant was not actually aware at the time of a first action, even if it could or should have been aware of them.

Legal context 

Patent infringement actions in the English Patents Court are normally heard in a split trial, in which issues of validity and infringement are considered at a first hearing and, following a finding of infringement of a valid patent, financial remedies are considered at a second hearing. Since Unilin Beheer BV v Berry Floor NV ([2007] EWCA Civ 364; [2007] FSR 25), it has been accepted practice in the Patents Court to raise further alleged infringements at the damages inquiry, at which point a determination is made on whether they fall within the scope of the patent. This appeal decision considers, in part, whether the same approach is permitted in the Intellectual Property Enterprise Court (‘IPEC’). 

Facts 

This case concerns AP Racing’s patent relating to an innovative design for a brake calliper. AP Racing commenced a first set of proceedings against Alcon in 2011 (‘First Action’), alleging patent infringement in relation to its manufacture and supply of callipers for the NASCAR market. Shortly after proceedings were commenced, AP Racing’s lawyers wrote to Alcon’s lawyers asking for information about other callipers, manufactured by Alcon for other motorsports applications, which potentially infringed the patent. Alcon declined to provide any such information. The claim proceeded to trial in the Patents County Court (the IPEC’s former name) and, following an appeal, the patent was held to be valid and infringed ([2014] EWCA Civ 40). 

During an inquiry as to damages, AP Racing discovered information about ten more potentially infringing callipers manufactured by Alcon. Although the claimant had not previously been aware of any of these additional callipers, it transpired that seven of the ten calipers had been displayed by Alcon, prior to the date of the Case Management Conference (‘CMC’) in the First Action, at trade shows also attended by AP Racing. 

AP Racing suggested that these additional calipers (termed ‘the 7 Callipers in the judgment) should either be included in the inquiry, or alternatively should be the subject of a second set of infringement proceedings. Alcon did not agree to either proposal, contending that the claimant could have become aware of the 7 Callipers in time to include them in the First Action, if it had exercised reasonable diligence. Alcon argued that, in consequence, any action in respect of the 7 Callipers, whether by way of inclusion in the inquiry or by a second set of proceedings, would constitute an abuse of process. 

AP Racing decided to confine the inquiry in the First Action to the NASCAR callipers that had specifically been pleaded and held to infringe, and commenced a second set of IPEC proceedings in relation to all ten further callipers ie including the 7 Callipers. Alcon applied to strike out the second claim insofar as it related to the 7 Callipers. The strike-out application was dismissed ([2015] EWHC 1371 (IPEC)), and Alcon appealed that decision. In accordance with Table 1, s. III of CPR PD 52A, the appeal lay to the Chancery Division of the High Court rather than the Court of Appeal.

Analysis 

We summarize below the main points that arose in the appeal.

• Where a claimant has actual knowledge of facts which give rise to a future claim, but keeps those facts secret during a first action, a second action commenced by it after the conclusion of the first action is likely to constitute an abuse of process.

• However, there is no general duty on a claimant to exercise reasonable diligence to ascertain whether it has a potential further cause of action against a defendant (or third parties).

• In contrast, the knowledge of the defendant as to the likelihood that a subsequent claim may be brought against it, is a relevant factor when considering whether the bringing of such a subsequent claim is oppressive to that defendant. Where a defendant has chosen to keep quiet, particularly in the face of a request for information by the claimant, it is less likely that a subsequent claim constitutes an abuse of process.

• A claimant is not required to produce evidence of every possible infringement in the liability hearing, but should present sufficient examples so that the case of infringement can be dealt with in a cost-effective and expeditious way.

• The practice of permitting further alleged infringements to be considered at the inquiry stage is equally applicable to proceedings in the IPEC.

• In respect of the above point, Carr J disagreed with HHJ Hacon, who had held that whereas the second proceedings did not constitute an abuse of process, it is not automatically permissible to introduce new allegations of infringement at an inquiry in the IPEC. This is an important point, as it concerns the applicability of CPR Rule 63.23 to the situation. That rule states:

1. At the first case management conference after those defendants who intend to file and serve a defence have done so, the court will identify the issues and decide whether to make an order in accordance with paragraph 29.1 of Practice Direction 63.

1. Save in exceptional circumstances the court will not permit a party to submit material in addition to that ordered under paragraph (1).

• HHJ Hacon was of the view that, as the additional callipers had not been included in the CMC in relation to the liability stage of the First Action, the requirement laid down in Rule 63.23(2) would be satisfied only if the additional callipers could be considered ‘in reasonably short order and without any additional evidence’. Carr J disagreed, arguing that ‘it does not matter to the issue of abuse of process whether the issue of infringement in respect of the 7 Calipers will require one hour or half a day of court time’. His reason was that, in cases involving a split trial, there will be two CMCs—one at the liability stage and a second for the inquiry—and Rule 63.23 must be applied separately in respect of both CMCs.

• As an alternative to introducing further alleged infringements in the inquiry, a claimant may instead commence a second action in respect of the further alleged infringements, and that will not normally constitute an abuse of process.

Practical significance 

Commonly, when patent infringement proceedings are started, the claimant cannot be certain that it has identified all potential instances of infringement. In many cases, only the defendant will be fully aware of all potential infringements. In such circumstances, what is the best course of action for the parties? 

Claimant’s perspective 

In the authors’ view, although the AP Racing decision confirms that there is no legal duty on a claimant to exercise reasonable diligence, from a practical perspective it is best practice for the claimant to make all reasonable efforts to identify, as early as possible, all potential infringements. That is because taking action at a later stage is likely to lead to additional costs, in comparison with the position where all potential infringements are known and dealt with from the outset (for example, because a second set of proceedings will necessitate two sets of pleadings, two CMCs, two brief fees, etc). 

What constitutes ‘reasonable efforts’ will be fact- and sector-specific, and may involve instructing investigators, monitoring the defendant’s activities at trade shows and other public events or simply asking the defendant for information (although as we explain in the next section there is no obligation for the defendant to respond to such requests). 

It is not necessary, though, to include all potential infringements in the liability trial, and indeed it is clear from Carr J’s judgment that such a course of action is positively discouraged, particularly in the IPEC. Instead, the claimant should ‘lay its cards on the table’, and make clear to the defendant and the court, at the case management stage, all the potential infringements of which it is aware and its proposals in respect of them. Where there are a large number of potential infringements, for example, it may be appropriate for the parties to agree to select a representative range of examples for determination at the liability trial. Once these examples have been determined, the parties may be able to use them as guidance to determine the infringement question in relation to the other potential infringements. If that proves not to be possible, the court can then be asked to determine all outstanding infringement issues at the inquiry. None of this will be possible, though, if the claimant simply keeps quiet about the additional potential infringements, and it is clear from the case law considered by Carr J that adopting such a course of action may lead to subsequent proceedings being struck out as an abuse of process. 

If the claimant only learns of the additional potential infringements at a stage when it is too late to seek the court’s directions at the liability stage (which, in the case of the IPEC, would be after the CMC in the liability stage has taken place), it has a choice. First, it can seek to include them in the damages inquiry. In this case, the claimant will need to be mindful that the length of the damages inquiry is limited to two days in the IPEC. Commonly, those two days will be fully occupied by matters relating to quantum, and it may not be possible to also consider additional infringement allegations in the inquiry. In such circumstances, it may (as recognized by Carr J) be possible to transfer the inquiry to the High Court, where a longer hearing can be held. Alternatively, the claimant can simply decide to commence new proceedings (as AP Racing did), and it is now clear that this choice will not normally constitute an abuse of process. 

Defendant’s perspective 

If the claimant asks for information on the defendant’s other potentially infringing products, there is no obligation on the defendant to provide such information. In deciding whether to do so, the defendant must weigh up and balance the risks. If the defendant provides the requested information, it may face infringement actions which would not otherwise have been brought, because the claimant may never have otherwise become aware of the additional potential infringements. If it keeps quiet, though, and the claimant does subsequently learn of additional infringements, that is likely to lead to the incursion of additional time and costs for the defendant, in comparison with the situation where those additional infringements were included in the first action. What is clear is that the defendant cannot ‘have its cake and eat it’—if it chooses to keep quiet, it cannot subsequently object to a second action as constituting an abuse of process. 

* The authors acted for the Claimant/Respondent in this litigation. 

© The Author(s) (2016). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Editorial - Brexit and UK copyright: the story of a loss among all other losses

Our current Editorial, passionately and wisely drafted by our co-editor Eleonora Rosati (University of Southampton, IPKat and e-LAWnora), discusses the potential impact of Brexit on the future of copyright law in the UK. Eleonora argues that EU harmonisation in the field has enriched and improved the pre-existing national legal framework, reconceptualising copyright beyond the dichotomy common law copyright/ French-style droit d'auteur and enabling a fruitful dialogue between UK courts and the CJEU. 

You can read Eleonora's lucid analysis below and share your thoughts in our Comments section. The JIPLP blog also welcomes contributions that prospectively discuss the impact of Brexit on the future of IP in the UK and beyond: if you are interested in developing your ideas in a post and sharing them with our readers, please get in touch. The blog will also organise further initiatives to keep readers informed about Brexit-related developments - for more information, please stay tuned by visiting our blog frequently or subscribing to our newsletter!

Brexit and UK copyright: the story of a loss among all other losses 

Eleonora Rosati* 

On 23 June 2016 UK voters decided that their country would be better off outside the EU. To say the least, the historical outcome of the Brexit referendum will have a tremendously serious impact on the UK, the overall EU integration project and the remaining Member States alike. 

From an IP perspective, it is still very unclear what will happen, and what effects forthcoming developments will have on both UK law and the professional (and necessarily personal) lives of IP owners, practitioners, academics, students, civil servants, judges and public affairs executives. 

Serious uncertainty surrounds the destiny of EU-wide registered rights, including trade marks and designs, and imminent EU-wide novelties, such as the Unitary Patent System, in the UK. In the aftermath of the referendum outcome, the complexities of these rights have seemingly overshadowed what will happen to copyright, an IP right that—it has now become apparent—is territorial only on paper. 

Over the past few years, the copyright laws of EU Member States have increasingly become more similar, less alien to each other, less perched in the summa divisio common law’s copyright/French-style droit d’auteur. On the one hand, EU legislature has adopted several directives that have had the laudable objective of facilitating the free movement of goods and services based on or incorporating copyright works. On the other hand, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)—prompted by questions of national judges—has become a primary player in the EU copyright scene, acting in certain cases as de facto policy- and law-maker. 

If and when Brexit happens, what will be the legacy of EU harmonization in the area of copyright? The answer will depend on what route is eventually pursued. 

If the UK leaves the EU but remains in the European Economic Area (probably the most optimistic outlook at the moment), then the relevant body of EU copyright legislation will continue to apply in this country. However, the same could not be true for CJEU case law, at least from a formal standpoint. Although the judgments rendered in the context of references for a preliminary ruling ex Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (ie the types of actions relevant in the area of copyright) would likely maintain a certain relevance for UK copyright, UK courts could lose their power to make themselves references to the CJEU. In fact Article 267(2) reserves this possibility to the courts or tribunals of Member States. The result would be odd: the UK would still apply EU legislation but its judges would no longer be able to query their correct interpretation (and application). 

In any other scenario, the future relevance of EU copyright legislation and CJEU case law in the UK is extremely uncertain. Possibly bound by international copyright instruments only, the UK might decide to pursue routes that—so far—have appeared extremely unlikely to be followed at the EU level. For instance, it could decide to abandon a closed system of copyright exceptions and adopt an open norm instead, possibly modelled on US fair use. 

In times of profound confusion, what appears clear—not just to an EU enthusiast like myself—is that EU action in the area of copyright has BENEFITTED and IMPROVED UK law. 

First, it has created a harmonized space for EU Member States that, albeit imperfect, is much better—for rightholders and users alike—than what, in a much more fragmented fashion, was the case 20–25 years ago. 

In addition, the harmonizing (possibly even undue in certain instances) efforts of the CJEU have brought increased uniformity and, in some cases, have compelled Member States to either rethink particular approaches or meet the challenges facing technological advancement and digitization of contents and their distribution channels. An example of the former is the impact of CJEU case law on the UK notion of originality and the (outdated, yet still formally in place) closed subject-matter categorization envisaged by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (CDPA). An example of the latter is the availability of injunctions against intermediaries under s97A CDPA (introduced to implement into UK law an EU directive): the jurisprudence of UK courts, influenced by parallel developments at the CJEU level, has developed solidly and thoughtfully and has been looked at (whether with admiration or concern, but in any case regarded as IMPORTANT case law) in other Member States. 

Will UK copyright be better off without EU copyright and the CJEU? No: the improvements to UK copyright over the past few years are in many instances greatly indebted to parallel developments at the EU level. Among other things, losing the dialogue between thoughtful UK judges and the CJEU will be one of the many great losses for UK copyright. 

*Editor of the Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice and Lecturer in Intellectual Property Law at the University of Southampton. 

Email: eleonora@e-lawnora.com. Twitter: @eLAWnora.  

© The Author(s) (2016). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Our latest issue is now out: what's new in the world of IP?

As readers know, we have been playing catch-up with production in the last few months, but we are almost back on track and our August issue is now available for online and print subscribers. As well as a series of interesting and informative current intelligence notes, our latest issue features a thoughtful editorial on Brexit, drafted by our co-editor Eleonora Rosati, a couple of in-depth articles focused on research and patenting in the pharmaceutical industry, an overview of hyperlinking and copyright in the EU context (best read in conjunction with the recent CJEU judgments in GS MEDIA and Mc Fadden), and a discussion of the Paris Convention's temporary presence exception from patent infringement for visiting foreign vessels, an aspect of patent law that is rarely discussed, but may prove tremendously important when you need it. Of course, we also bring you the latest scholarship from GRUR (examining developments in relation to colour trade marks in key European jurisdictions) and some inspiring book reviews.

Here is our table of contents:

Table of Contents

Volume 11 Issue 8 August 2016

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Editorial

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  • Eleonora Rosati

  Brexit and UK copyright: the story of a loss among all other losses

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 563-564 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw106
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Current Intelligence

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  • Devika Agarwal and
   
  • Radhika Agarwal

  Indian Patent Office rejects Saxagliptin compulsory license application

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 565-566 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw064
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  • Brian Whitehead and
   
  • Richard Kempner

  Introducing new alleged infringements after the trial on liability in patent cases

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 566-569 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw086
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  • Darren Smyth and
   
  • Catherine Howell

  Pain for Pfizer—claims of pregabalin patent deemed insufficient

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 569-570 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw087
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  • Ben Coffey

  General Court confirms that The Body Shop cannot register ‘WISDOM SPA’ as an EU trade mark

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 570-572 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw080
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  • Lazaros G. Grigoriadis

  Exhaustion of trade mark rights in the Eurasian Economic Union

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 572-574 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw083
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  • Birgit Clark

  Showdown! - General Court annuls the annulment of the ‘Winnetou’ trade mark

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 574-576 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw062
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  • Eleonora Rosati

  Arnold J rules that shape of KitKat chocolate bar cannot be registered as a trade mark

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 577-578 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw070
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  • Riyadh Al-Balushi

  Arab states start acceding to the Arab Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Treaty

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 578-579 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw084
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  • Sven Schonhofen

  Eighth Circuit clarifies pre-emption of right of publicity claims under US Copyright Act

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 580-582 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw079
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  • Christina Angelopoulos

  MTE v Hungary: A new ECtHR judgment on intermediary liability and freedom of expression

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 582-584 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw081
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Articles

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  • Christof Koolen

  The use of hyperlinks in an online environment: putting links in chains?

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 585-598 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw074
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  • Narendran Thiruthy

  R&D crisis in drug discovery for neglected diseases: scope for an open source approach to pharmaceutical research

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 599-611 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw078
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  • Rikard Mikalsen

  The scope of the Paris Convention’s temporary presence exception from patent infringement for visiting foreign vessels

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 612-618 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw085
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  • Mari Minn

  Strategic patenting decisions in the European pharmaceutical industry: the use of divisional applications and follow-on patenting practices

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 619-627 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw099
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From GRUR Int.

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  • Gabriele Engels, 
  • Jesse Hofhuis, 
  • and Claire Lehr

  The local colour of colour marks

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 628-639 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw082
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IP in Review

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  • Catherine Pocock

  Shedding new light on creativity, authorship and rights management

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 640-641 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw069
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  • Tristan J. L. Sherliker

  A serious feat—an engaging look at trade mark transactions worldwide

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 641-642 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw068
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  • David Nelms

  A unique examination resource for the D-paper

  Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice (2016) 11 (8): 642 doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpw060
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